Catalhoyuk

Catalhoyuk: One of the World’s Oldest Settlements
Located about 50 kilometers southeast of Konya, Catalhoyuk is one of the oldest known human settlements, dating back to 7500–5700 BC during the Neolithic period. It is considered one of the most significant archaeological sites in the world, offering rare insights into early human civilization, urban planning, and cultural development.

Discovery and Excavations
Discovered in 1958, Catalhoyuk has been excavated extensively, particularly by James Mellaart in the 1960s and later by Ian Hodder and his team since the 1990s. The site covers an area of approximately 13 hectares and consists of two mounds:

The Eastern Mound (Neolithic period)
The Western Mound (Chalcolithic period, 6000 BC)
In 2012, UNESCO designated Catalhoyuk a World Heritage Site, recognizing its importance in understanding early human settlements.

A Unique Ancient City
Architecture and Urban Planning
Unlike later cities with streets and alleyways, Catalhoyuk had no roads—houses were built closely together, with entrances through rooftop openings. Ladders provided access, and people moved across the settlement by walking on roofs.

Each house was constructed using mud bricks and featured:

Built-in ovens and storage areas
Plastered and painted walls with symbolic artwork
Sleeping platforms and hearths

Art and Symbolism
Catalhoyuk is known for its incredible wall paintings, reliefs, and figurines, which provide insight into early religion and culture. Some notable discoveries include:

Bull and animal depictions – Possibly related to early religious or shamanistic beliefs
Fertility goddess figurines – Suggesting a matriarchal or goddess-worshiping society
A mural of a volcanic eruption – Believed to depict Mount Hasan, making it the world’s oldest known map

Burial Practices
The dead were buried beneath houses, often under sleeping platforms. Bodies were typically placed in a fetal position and wrapped in reed mats. Some skulls were later retrieved, plastered, and painted—suggesting ancestor worship.

Why Catalhoyuk Matters
Catalhoyuk challenges traditional ideas of civilization. Unlike many early cities, it lacked a central government, palaces, or temples. Instead, it seems to have been an egalitarian society, where homes were relatively uniform in size, and there was no evidence of a ruling class.

This site provides essential clues about early human society, agriculture, and urban life, making it a must-visit destination for history enthusiasts.

Visiting Catalhoyuk
Visitors can explore the excavation areas, reconstructed Neolithic houses, and interactive museum exhibits that bring Catalhoyuk’s ancient past to life. It is an easy day trip from Konya, making it a perfect addition to any itinerary in Central Anatolia.