Cappadocia

Cappadocia: The Land of Beautiful Horses

Cappadocia, meaning “the land of beautiful horses,” is a region rich in history and culture. It is generally considered to encompass the plains and mountains of eastern central Anatolia, stretching along the River Kızılırmak (Red River) toward the Black Sea. Several ancient trade routes passed through this area, fostering cross-cultural interactions. These exchanges led to the construction of underground cities, built to shelter those fleeing religious persecution.

Exploring Cappadocia

Cappadocia is one of Turkey’s top travel destinations, offering a range of unique experiences. Thanks to its central location, it is easily accessible from various parts of the country, including Istanbul. If you’re visiting, consider joining one of our Cappadocia tours. You may also be interested in nearby Pamukkale, another must-see destination in Turkey.

Underground Cities

The underground cities of Cappadocia share common features, including food storage rooms, kitchens, stables, wine or oil presses, and ventilation shafts. These cities provided safe havens for early Christians and other groups seeking refuge.

History of Cappadocia

Cappadocia’s history dates back to the Bronze Age, when it was a major Hittite power center known as Hattusa. Over the centuries, the region changed hands multiple times, ruled by the Mushki, Assyrians, Phrygians, Lydians, and later the Romans.

During the Roman and Byzantine periods, Cappadocia became a refuge for Christians, which explains the presence of its many underground cities. These cities thrived between the 4th and 11th centuries, as Cappadocia faced invasions from Turkmenistan, Arabs, Mongols, Seljuks, and Ottomans.

The region gradually lost prominence, until a French priest rediscovered its hidden churches in 1907. Today, Cappadocia is a UNESCO World Heritage site and a top destination for travelers.

Must-See Locations in Cappadocia

Goreme

Goreme is a small village famous for its “fairy chimney” rock formations. These soft volcanic formations were shaped by wind and water over thousands of years. In 1985, Goreme National Park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Uchisar

Located 8 km from Nevsehir, Uchisar offers a quieter alternative for travelers. Its main attraction is a fortress that provides panoramic views of the region.

Zelve

Zelve, 5 km from Avanos, was once a thriving settlement but was abandoned in 1952 due to safety concerns. It features the highest concentration of fairy chimneys in Cappadocia.

Avanos

Situated on the banks of the Kizilirmak (Red River), Avanos is known for its pottery tradition, dating back to the Hittites. Today, visitors can watch artisans at work and even try their hand at pottery.

Ozkonak

Discovered in 1972 by a local farmer, Ozkonak is an underground city with 10 floors extending 40 meters below ground. It is estimated to have housed up to 60,000 people.

Nevsehir

The provincial capital of Cappadocia, Nevsehir serves as the region’s main transport hub. Once known for carpet weaving and viticulture, it now thrives on tourism. It is located near major sites such as the fairy chimneys, underground cities, and the rock-hewn churches of Göreme.

Ortahisar

Ortahisar, meaning “Middle Fortress,” is named after a 90-meter-high rock formation that was historically used as a castle. Visitors can climb to the top for breathtaking views of Cappadocia.

Kaymaklı

Kaymaklı, located 19 km from Nevsehir, is home to one of Cappadocia’s most extensive underground cities. Opened to tourists in 1964, many of its tunnels are still used today for storage and as stables.

Urgup

A lively town in the Nevşehir Province, Urgup is known for its cave hotels, wine production, and vibrant nightlife. It is one of the earliest settlements in Cappadocia.

Derinkuyu

Located 29 km from Nevşehir, Derinkuyu is one of the deepest underground cities in Cappadocia. With eight levels extending 85 meters below ground, it is believed to have once housed 20,000 people. Only a fraction of it is open to visitors.

Ihlara Valley

Ihlara Valley, in Aksaray Province, is a stunning 16-km-long gorge formed by volcanic activity. The valley is home to nearly 100 rock-carved churches and underground dwellings, which served as hiding places for early Christians.

Plan Your Visit

Whether you’re exploring ancient underground cities, admiring fairy chimneys, or experiencing traditional crafts in Avanos, Cappadocia offers an unforgettable journey. If you’re planning a trip, consider our Cappadocia tours, which can be arranged from Istanbul or other major cities.